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Sexual reproductionA) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats.E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.

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- Botulotoxin, by its structure and functions, is similar to tetanospasmin!!- Botulotoxino Light (A) chain - responsible for neurotoxicityo One or more heavy (B) chains - responsible for attachment to the cell and ensuring exotoxin molecule stability in the acid environment of the stomach- Botulotoxin is specific against cholinergic nerves ® flaccid paralysisTheir role in the pathogenesis of infections:- soil and water samples- Four forms:1. classic or foodborne botulism - home-made canned foods2. infant botulism - food with C. botulinum spores uptaken by infant3. wound botulism - the incidence is unknown, and the disease is very rare4. inhalation botulism-botulinum toxin has been concentrated for aerosolisation as a biological weapon. When administered in this manner, inhalation disease has a rapid onset and potentially high mortality

- Tiny Gr- coccobacilli- Capsule- Non-motile- Non-spore forming

- Muramyl dipeptide (from peptidoglycan NAG, NGM- N-glicolmuramic acid) complexed with mycolic acids can cause granuloma formation- Phospholipids induce caseous necrosis- Lipids are responsible for acid-fastness.- A "cord factor" (trehalose-6,6`-dimycolate) is a virulence factor → inhibits migration of Leu, causes formation of chronic granulomas, serves as an immunologic "adjuvant", cytotoxic properties- no exotoxins- Proteins that elicit the tuberculin reactionTheir role in the pathogenesis of infections:- High resistance to penicillin- resistance of phenol (disinfectant)- Resistant to drying- Mycobacteria in droplets are inhaled when infected person cough, sneeze, or speak → Reach alveoli → phagocytosis → stimulate host Mo and M/ph → mycobacteria begin to multiply within M/ph → Some of the M/ph develop the ability to kill → Later, peripheral fibrous tissue develops, and the central area undergoes caseation necrosis (such lesion is called a tubercle) → A caseous tubercle may break into a bronchus, empty its contents there → and form a cavity → it may subsequently heal by fibrosis or calcification- Spread trough the lymphatics → blood stream and finally all organs1. Exudative type:- Consist of acute inflammatory reaction in lung tissue with edema fluid, PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and later monocytes appear around the tubercle bacilli (resemble bacterial pneumonia)- Outcomes of this lesions:→ may heal by resolution, entire exudate becomes absorbed→ may lead to massive necrosis of tissue→ may develop into second (productive) type of lesion2. Productive (proliferative) type of lesion:- When it is fully developed, this lesion is chronic granulomawhich consists of 3 zones;→ central area of large, multinucleated giant cells containing intracellular mycobacteria→ mid zone of pale epithelioid cells, arranged radially→ peripheral zone (outer zone) of fibroblasts, lymphocytes andmonocytes- Granuloma prevents further spread of bacteria!- Later, peripheral fibrous tissue develops and the central area undergoes caseation necrosisàsuch lesion is called tubercle!

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