Pathophysiology Questions

Which stage of shock is characterized by compensatory responses becoming overwhelmed and signs/symptoms of organ dysfunction appearing?

Which type of excessive scarring is an exaggerated process that causes a wound deformity?

Fibrosis in organs (defect in tissue repair):- Excessive deposit of _____ and other ECM components in a tissue- A pathologic process usually associated with loss of tissue _____/organ dysfunction- Mechanisms: persistence/severe tissue injury --> _____ inflammation

Which type of excessive scarring has progression beyond the original area of injury?

Transudate or Exudate?- Protein-rich --> non-pitting edema

Edema or Effusion?- Accumulation of fluid in tissue

Hyperemia or Congestion?- Arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow

Antithrombotic properties of endothelium:- Anticoagulant effects: _____ binds thrombin --> inactivates _____ factors - Fibrinolytic effects: synthesizing _____

Arterial or Venous thrombosis?- Typically, due to Virchow's Triad in venous sinusoids of muscles and valves in veins - Ex. DVT and PE

Hyperemia or Congestion?- Reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

Arterial or Venous thrombosis?- Typically, from atherosclerotic plaque rupture in left heart chambers or arteries - Ex. MI, Ischemic stroke

Edema or Effusion?- Accumulation of fluid in body cavities

Leukocytes-mediated tissue injury in acute inflammation:- As part of normal tissue defense against infectious pathogens --> _____ _____ to nearby tissues - _____ inflammatory response against host tissues --> _____ disorders - Hyper-reaction of host against _____ factors

Metastatic calcification:- Occurs in normal tissues with _____ - Elevated _____ hormone - Bone _____, due to the effects of accelerated turnover (Paget disease) or malignancies (multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma) - _____ _____-related disorders - _____ failure, phosphate retention (calcium phosphate) --> Secondary hyperparathyroidism (elevated parathyroid hormone)

Intracellular accumulation 4 pathways:1. Abnormal _____: results in accumulation of a normal substance (fatty liver hypercholesterolemia)2. _____: cause alterations in protein folding and transport defective molecules accumulate intracellularly (cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's, prion's disease)3. Deficiency of _____: responsible for breaking down certain compounds, causing substrates to accumulate in lysosomes, as in lysosomal storage diseases (glycogen-storage diseases, lipid-storage diseases)4. Inability to _____: phagocytized particles, as in carbon pigment accumulation (pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, silicosis)

Which type of excessive scarring blocks reepithelization?

Complement system:- Collection of _____ _____- Functions: _____ and _____, _____, cell lysis by forming _____ _____ _____ (MAC)

Which type of excessive scarring has excessive collagen accumulation that forms a raised hypertrophic scar?

Acute phase reactants (APR) - Proteins made in the _____, their serum concentrations increase in inflammation and tissue injury - Involves both _____ and _____ inflammatory states - Infection, trauma, infarction, systemic autoimmune, inflammatory diseases and neoplasms

Which term refers to physiologic or pathologic depositions of calcium?