Theses: how were the African Americans treated differently than white Americans?In mid-June 1864, Congress passed a military appropriations bill that established equal pay for black soldiers and made it retroactive to January 1, 1864, for all soldiers who were free in April 1861. At the start of August, the War Department ordered regimental commanders to ascertain, utilizing an oath, what men had been free at the start of the war. The large numbers of ex-slaves who had been recruited from Southern states, however, did not receive the retroactive pay until March 1865. The bill establishing equal pay also mandated equal arms, equipment, and medical services for the soldiers, but it excluded the issue of bounties paid to enlist soldiers

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