There are considerable disparities in benefits from state to state in noncontributory programs becausea. the federal government specifies different levels of assistance to each state based on means testing and indexing.b. state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one uniform national program.c. some states choose to only employ contributory programs.d. many state constitutions prohibit state governments from accepting money for noncontributory programs from the federal government.

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