- The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543 and established acommercial relationship between the two nations.- New products, including tobacco and firearms, were introduced toJapan; their swords were no match for firearms.- Christian missionaries arrived in the mid-1 500s, hoping to convert the Japanese.- Fearful that conversion to Christianity would undermine the authority of the shogunate and aware that firearms would lead to instability, the shoguns banned both guns and swords and began to restrict contact with foreigners.- A series of seclusion acts were passed to ban missionary activities andultimately the religion.- By the 1640s, foreign trade was forbidden except for very limited Dutchand Chinese trade; Japanese were forbidden to travel abroad, and very fewforeigners were allowed into the country. This period of self-imposed isolation was relatively peaceful and thus has come to be known as the Pax Tokugawa.

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