"The critique of mass consumption, of course, went beyond the biting commentary and far-ranging analyses of intellectuals. The Beats in the 1950s, the hippies in the 1960s, the 'Small Is Beautiful' and environmentally sensitive Greens of the 1970s, and some strands of the religious right of the 1980s all developed identities based on a rejection of a mainstream culture built around mass consumption. Cultural rebels shared intellectuals' obsession with mass consumption, . . . confirming just how much mass consumption stood at the core of how Americans regarded their society in the second half of the twentieth century."-Source: Lizabeth Cohen, historian, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, 2004The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1950s?

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