Suppose that you have a random sample of 21 individuals. The sample mean for years of education completed is 12.8 years with a sample standard deviation of 2.1 years. Suppose someone claims that the population standard deviation is greater than 1.5 years. The test statistic associated with this test is _____________________ and the null hypothesis _______ at the 5‐percent level of significance. Note that the one‐tailed chi‐squared 5‐percent critical value is 31.4.

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