Sorafenib is a drug that is used to treat kidney and liver cancers. Sorafenib has two mechanisms of action. First, it inhibits (blocks the function of) RAF signaling by preventing the phosphorylation cascade from occurring within the cell. Second, Sorafenib can inhibit the cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors, which growth factors would normally bind and initiate a signaling cascade. Based on this information, which steps of signal transduction are directly inhibited by Sorafenib?

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