Some statisticians have shown that instead of using the special procedures involved in rank-order tests, approximately the same results can be obtained by transforming the scores into ranks and thena) figuring a Spearman Zb) finding the mean of the scores' inversesc) applying all the usual arithmetic for figuring an ordinary parametric test, such as a t test.d) applying all the usual arithmetic for figuring a typical nonparametric test, such as a Wilcoxon signed-rank test

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