positive pregnancy testViolence sometimes begins or escalates when a pregnancy occurs. Abuse during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for several fetal and maternal complications, including miscarriages, low birth weight, low maternal weight gain, infections, and anemia. Pregnancy is a window of opportunity for health care providers to screen women for intimate partner violence and refer them to the appropriate services. A low calcium level is not an indicator for IPV. A low red blood cell is associated with anemia that can occur during pregnancy; however, it is not an indication of IPV. A normal blood glucose level is not associated with IPV.

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