Platyrrhines first appear in the late Oligocene of Bolivia. According to one hypothesis, primitive primates ancestral to the platyrrhines have may have entered South America from Central America on logs or debris that floated across the stretch of water. Alternatively, they may have arrived from Africa, at a time when Africa and South America were closer together and ocean currents favoured dispersal from Africa. Once established in the new world, platyrrhines became a diverse and common component of the south and central American fauna.

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