- Manchus from the north, non-Han peoples, invaded China andclaimed the "Mandate of Heaven" in 1644 and ruled until 1911.- Manchu rulers were taught Confucian beliefs and applied theseprinciples to governing China.- The Qing, following the political example of the Ming, ruled through a highly centralized system of scholar-bureaucrats.- Under the Qing, trade with foreigners increased, particularly as demand for Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain increased; in this period, the Qing were able to maintain a favorable balance of trade.- The Qing were great patrons of the arts and also were responsible for expanding the empire. Portraits created during this time period reveal the power and influence of the imperial court.

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