- In 1453, the Ottoman Turks, nomads from Central Asia, capturedthe Byzantine capital of Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul;Ottoman control continued until the 20th century.- Their military success and imperial expansion came from their command of gunpowder technology (diffused from China).- By the mid-1500s, this Empire was the largest and most powerful land empire in Europe and the Middle East.The Islamic empire quickly expanded as these people took control of much of the Middle East and then extended their control to the Balkans and the Crimean Peninsula, creating a multi-national empire. Managing such a culturally diverse land empire would prove challenging over time.

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