Glucagon, the "I am hungry" hormone, is released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low, and it signals to the liver to export glucose through a combination of glycogen degradation (a form of stored glucose) and glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors (a process called gluconeogenesis). Epinephrine, the "fight or flight" hormone, is released from the adrenal medulla when neuronal inputs signal that metabolic energy is required quickly in the form of glucose export from the liver. Describe the two intracellular signaling pathways in liver cells that are stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine binding to their respective receptors. (ch8)

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