"Globalization, as we are experiencing it, is in many respects not only new, but revolutionary...It is wrong to think of globalization as just concerning the big systems, like the world financial order....Globalization not only pulls upwards, it pushes downwards, creating new pressures for local autonomy....Globalization, some argue, creates a world of winners and losers, a few on the fast track to prosperity, the majority condemned to a life of misery and despair...Is globalization a force promoting the general good? The question can't be answered in a simple way, given the complexity of the situation....But globalization is becoming increasingly decentered—not under the control of any group of nations, and still less of the large corporations....As the changes | have described...gather weight, they are creating something that never existed before, a global cosmopolitan society" Anthony Giddens, BBC Reith Lectures, 1999 'Anthony Giddens, Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping our Lives (New York: Routledge, 2003). As a result of the processes described in the excerpt above, which of the following developments has presented the greatest challenge to U.S. policies?

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