_______________________ describes scribes a sustained period of religious awakenings among Protestants tants in the American colonies from the 1720s until the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1776. The revivals, often marked by fiery preaching, shouts of anguish and weeping on the part of the hearers, began in the middle colonies under the preaching of Dutch Reformed pastor Theodore Frelinghuysen and Presbyterian an Gilbert Tennent. The center of the awakenings shifted to New England in the 1730s, exemplified by Congregationalist minister Jonathan Edwards's sermons in Northampton, Massachusetts. Then in the 1740s, the awakenings moved to the southern colonies, nies, where Baptists like Shubal Stearns continued to preach revival. vival. Tying the awakenings together was the itinerant preaching of George Whitefield, who led revivals in all thirteen colonies. The preaching of Whitefield and Edwards was harshly criticized by religious academics at Harvard and Yale, including Charles Chauncy, for its appeals to emotionalism

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