By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-esteems: academic, social, and physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance. Cultural forces profoundly affect self-esteem. A strong emphasis on social comparison in school may explain why Chinese and Japanese children, despite higher academic achievement, score lower than U.S. children in self-esteem. African-American children tend to have slightly higher self-esteem than their Caucasian age mates.Children whose parents use an authoritative child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves. Controlling parents (authoritarian) communicate a sense of inadequacy to their children. Overindulgent parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem.Attributions are our common, everyday explanations for the causes of behavior

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