"By 1880, something approaching a consensus was emerging on the Indian question. Public discussions of the issue now increasingly concluded with the judgment that the government's treatment of its Indian wards had been unnecessarily shortsighted, harsh, and even cruel. It was time for a change. And not surprisingly, as discussion turned to the future, an old and familiar theme reasserted itself: Indians not only needed to be saved from the white man, they needed to be saved from themselves. . . . Indian land, for the most part, was now white land. Indians on the other hand, were still largely savages. It was time to redeem an old promise."— David Wallace Adams, historian, Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928, published in 1995The ideas Adams describes in the excerpt were used as the foundation for which of the following policies?

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