Burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) live in open grasslands where there are few trees for them to roost in. In the absence of trees, they have evolved to hide in burrows that were previously created by other species, such as prairie dogs. Burrowing owls must compete with each other to find one of a limited number of unoccupied burrows. The first owl to find an unoccupied burrow is able to inhabit it, excluding other owls of the same species from using it. This situation is an example of which of the following?

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