Around the world, empires and states of varying sizes pursued strategies of centralization, including more efficient taxation systems that placed strains on peasant producers, sometimes prompting local rebellions. Rulers used public displays of art and architecture to legitimize state power. African states shared certain characteristics with larger Eurasian empires. In the Americas, European empires moved more quickly to settlement and territorial control responding to local demographic and commercial conditions. In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean, nascent European empires consisted mainly of interconnected trading posts and enclaves.

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