- Africans participated in the traditional slave trade, whichincluded using slaves in households and exporting them to theMediterranean and Indian Ocean regions. Africans enslaved otherAfricans in the interior regions and then sold them to the Europeans (Europeans lacked both the military strength and the immunity to diseases, such as malaria, to go beyond the coast).- The export of so many millions, particularly men (it is estimated that two out of three slaves were men), impacted family life, and in many of the areas from which the slaves were taken there tended to be majority female populations.- This form of chattel slavery led to an increase in intertribal warfare and, over time, the dissolution of once powerful kingdoms, particularly those located along the coast.- Even with the export of so many Africans, the population did not decrease on the continent; the introduction of new food crops from the Americas helped to stabilize the population and may have even led to an increase.

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