A 28-year-old pregnant woman at 16 weeks gestation comes to the office due to fatigue, intermittent joint pains, and loss of appetite for several months. Her past medical history is unremarkable. She does not use tobacco, alcohol, or any other illicit drugs. She has multiple sexual partners and does not use condoms regularly. Her laboratory values show elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Her serologic markers are positive for hepatitis B infection. Which of the following markers has the strongest associated with viral replication and increased infectivity in this patient?

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