Dr. Elder is conducting an experiment on aging and memory. He recruits healthy 60-year-old participants from the community to complete a simple memory task. For participants in the experimental condition, he speaks excessively loud, offers them help getting up and moving around, asks them to rate their memory relative to how it was in their 30s, and generally treats them politely but as though they were invalids. He does not treat the participants in the control condition like this: He is polite, but otherwise neutral.He finds that participants in the experimental group consistently remembered less of the material than those in the control condition. Why might this difference in recall have occurred?

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