Organic Chemistry Questions

the hydroxide ion (strong nucleophile) attacks the carbonyl group (electrophile). Protonation of the intermediate gives the hydrate

R2B-H over H2O2 and NaOH gives antimarkovnikov addition resulting in an aldehyde

aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones (sterics and electronics)

two equivalents of an alcohol (weak nucleophile) will react with an aldehyde or ketone to give an acetal

O3 over DMS gives two ketones, cleaves a double bond

the unhydrated keto form (carbonyl) more than for aldehydes (aldehydes are more reactive)

the enolate typically constitutes only a small fraction of the equilibrium mixture

more reactive than a ketone (the enolate anion formed on deprotonation (conjugate base) is stabilized by the electron-withdrawing halogen

LDA (or NAH... H2 product) can convert a carbonyl compound completely to its enolate, avoiding an equilibrium mixture of carbonyl compound and enolate

in the presence of a strong base from an aldehyde or ketone.

The trihalomethyl ketone reacts with hydroxide ion to give a carboxylic acid. A fast proton exchange gives a carboxylate ion and a haloform

attack by the enol form of the ketone on the electrophile halogen molecule. Loss of proton gives the haloketone and the hydrogen halide

Stork enamine synthesis (Michael addition) gives 1,5-difunctionalized product

a nucleophilic enolate anion, which then attacks the electrophilic halogen molecule

substrates with different kinds of α-H's are used; LDA gives side reactions with aldehydes, and so they are unsuitable here

Claisen condensations give beta keto esters (1,3) , uses NaOCh2CH3 over H3O+

identical partners, while crossed/mixed aldol reactions involve different reactants

the alkyl halide, and the resulting diester can be hydrolyzed to the dioic acid under either acidic or basic conditions

alkylation of enolate ions, aldol reactions compete, base can attack alkyl halide (SN2/E2)

NaOH over H2O, aldol addition gives a beta-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone