The benefits, described in the text, of using a project management approach to developing information systems include all of the following except:a) providing a common set of tools and controls which provides a common language to compare projects throughout the organization b) the ability to better estimate and control costs and schedules which leads to a more effective conservation of company resources c) improved communication and status reports leads giving the developers the ability to manage expectations of stakeholders d) competitive advantage for internal developers whose work might have to be outsourced if the quality and cost of their work can be bettered by outside competition e) the coupling of project success to the selection of team members and the skill sets and resources that they bring to the project.

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