United Nations is established - wave of colonial independence: from 52 nations to 193Importance of international cooperation is seenExplosion of number of IGOsNumber of international treaties grows quicklyIncreased attention for the individual - Nation state challenged?shift towards multilateral and institutionalised policies in international relations. This era saw the expansion of international law into economic and social domains, leading to the creation of institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT to manage global economic issues.

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